Monday 4 July 2016

Working with Dutch Angles (or how to shoot on the wonk)



Ansel Adams dedicated a lot of space in his published works to the concern of 'Image Management' - ensuring the 3-dimensional world was appropriately projected onto his 2-dimensional film plates. Of course he was working with field cameras that have an amazing range of adjustments available. 35mm film cameras (and their modern digital counterparts) are highly restricted in these terms and so we have become accustomed to, even accepting of, converging verticals as we try to fit tall buildings into the frame. In fact this limited ability to control perspective has become a virtue signalling immediacy that we read as 'truthfulness'; after all, a wonky "grab" shot could hardly have been posed, could it?

'Wonky' shots are quite popular, especially after decades of being exhorted to "keep the horizon level". From the 1920's cinematographers adopted the Dutch (or Deutsch) Angle technique, deliberately not keeping the horizon level to portray unease, tension or madness. This is a very restricted application and as such can quickly become tired.

So when shooting stills 'on the wonk' there are two dangers

  1. The image may just look messy, with the composition refusing to cohere
  2. The effect may look tired out of overuse

Both of these concerns can be avoided by understanding that shooting 'on the wonk' isn't an 'anything goes' technique; by considering the nature of the composition we can understand when, and why, the technique works.

When shooting on the wonk we are deliberately departing from the maxim "keep the horizon level"; we can approach this in one of six ways:

  1. Proxy Horizon: Some strong element other than the horizon is placed on the level
  2. Strong Vertical: Some strong element is arranged parallel to the vertical frame edges
  3. Strong Diagonal: Some strong element is arranged parallel to one of the strong diagonals of the frame
  4. Strong Free Form: Nothing is arranged exactly level or vertical, but there are elements strong enough to lead the eye
  5. Acute Free Form: Somethings are arranged nearly level or vertical or almost follow a strong diagonal
  6. Obtuse Free Form: Nothing is arranged exactly level or vertical, and there are no elements that strongly lead the image, but it somehow works all the same

Here the normally steep red-iron stairwell banister has been placed on the level as a Proxy Horizon. It is not a strong element of the image but it is enough to anchor the strong diagonals created in the rest of the image.

Here the left-hand side of the building is a Strong Vertical

Here I've added a red guideline to show the Strong Diagonal that one of the main lines in the image follows

Nothing here exactly aligns vertically or horizontal but the Shard itself is a Strong Free Form element that gives the composition direction.

Again there is nothing that exactly aligns vertically or horizontally, but the repeating pattern of windows ALMOST does. This is an Acute Free Form arrangement and it is a matter of subjective taste as to whether it works or not. To my mind the style and age of the building is sympathetic to the treatment and the slight 'off-ness' of the arrangement helps to imply an unbounded extension of the image out of frame.

Again there is nothing that exactly aligns vertically or horizontally, or even comes close. This is an Obtuse Free Form arrangement. To my mind the elements within the image suggest a spiral that focuses in on the backpacker wearily climbing the stairs. The arrangement helps to assert the narrative as he struggles up the stairs.


Looking at these examples it seems as though 'anything goes' when shooting 'on the wonk' - but I've seen enough images to know that is not the case! If you can find a Proxy or Strong arrangement then the chances are the image will have a coherent composition. The more free-form your Dutch (wonky) angles become the greater the chance the image will not cohere, unless you can manage to independently balance the image elements. In most cases though it is fairly easy to find Proxy or Strong elements, and at least by searching for those the balance of the image becomes more apparent.

Thursday 9 June 2016

Reflections on my first solo exhibition


Project 269 in the round
 photo Paul McQuade

Project 269 is a two year exploration of London and Londoners in the context of their relationship with The Underground. It was first exhibited in Stockwell at the Art4Space studios on the birthday of The Tube, in 2016.

This is a story of how to mount a successful solo photography exhibition.

Part 1: The Venue

I arrived an hour later than I wanted to on the day of the private view due to engineering work on the tube. I didn't mind so much as we were close to ready after a 12 hour install the day before, and I kind of liked the irony of it. We spruced up the room, prepared the bar and awaited the hordes... somewhat trepidatiously since this was a little known, hard to find, studio space in Zone 2 with absolutely no passing trade hosting an exhibition by an unknown 'artist'.

So why would we chose this location? How could we possibly be 'successful' in this space?


Art4Space Studio
The space as we found and left it. photo Christine Adams

I'd had great coverage in the press a few months earlier, reaching millions of people, when I set out crowdfunding the project; and had every confidence I could get similar follow-up coverage for the exhibition. So I thought it would be a tasty offer for any gallery. But it surprised me (naively) to find quite a lack of vision or imagination in London's gallery community. Many simply ignored my approaches. A few replied to say they'd love to host the exhibition, at so many thousands of pounds a week. It felt as if they had no quality bar or curatorial care, they'd host anything for enough money. I felt as though I was talking to commercial landlords rather than the people with their fingers on the cultural pulse of London looking for exciting emerging talent.


Observation 1: never try to buy success
If your concept is strong enough it can inspire others to take a chance on you. If not, if you can't find anyone at all prepared to take a chance, perhaps it isn't the right project to be exhibiting. Money can certainly get your exhibition hosted, but is likely to buy you into failure. 


I then looked into emerging 'co-operative' type galleries. They were very keen on what they were doing and were clearly less commercially minded. But they were still wholly concerned with their own venture and didn't really connect with what Project 269 was. That was (partly) my own fault. I remember going in thinking "what a gift this project is for a co-op trying to establish itself"; and it really would have been! But by thinking about the favour I could do them I failed to really enthuse them in the idea. The whole conversation pivoted around what wasn't possible, what couldn't be done and I left knowing I wouldn't be exhibiting there.

Observation 2: others haven't been on the journey you have been on
No matter how strong your concept is, you can't expect others to just 'get it', you have to create enthusiasm. 

Then Chris (my wife) found Art4Space. A community arts group with a studio space in Stockwell. They specialise in mosaics and Chris found an article about them and the amazing Rock Garden - which we had visited, and loved. So when I contacted them I was able to be genuinely enthusiastic about their work, as well as my own. We were able to forge a human to human, artist to artist link that created a solid foundation for us to work together.

Over a few e-mails everything was agreed, the space was wholly mine for ten days for no fee; in fact I didn't even meet the director of the studio until the private view! After the initial exchange, where we were able to share genuine enthusiasm for each other's work, I went on to think about all of the things that could pose a problem for the venue:
  • Security
  • Moving things around
  • Access during the exhibition 
  • Insurance and liability impact
  • Costs incurred (utilities)

By raising these issues and offering solutions before they presented themselves or occurred to the owners I was able to engender an amazing degree of trust.

Observation 3: you best get what you want by caring for the needs of others 
Whilst the spark of creativity was critical in the first moment, it was experience and professionalism that sealed the deal. 

But what space had I found? It certainly wasn't the blank canvas that a dedicated gallery offers. Nor was it the ideal size that some of the warehouse conversions owned by the co-operatives offered. If I'd had a fixed idea of what the exhibition was my approach to the space would have been all about what I couldn't do. The experience of looking for a space though had made me think about what was truly essential, I had developed a mantra: The map's the thing. So long as I could fit the map into the floor space, everything else was simply dressing.

That may sound as though I made plenty of unfortunate compromises but in fact the opposite is true. By the time we'd finished the installation we had unquestionably created a full gallery style experience. I'm reminded of the acronym KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid!).

Observation 4: understand what's important
By concentrating on the essential, we achieved the aim with the minimum of fuss, frustration and waste. 

I could have spent more money on a better situated, better appointed, larger space. But that in itself meant making compromises. It would have taken much longer to raise the budget. More wall space meant more time and money to be spent on filling them - essentially to distract from the map. More footfall would have lead to a greater number of people who weren't especially interested or drawn to the map...

Don't get me wrong. Such an installation would have been (would be) wonderful, but achieving the essential concept, quicker, and for an engaged audience was really powerful. And I don't need to think of the work as finished, done with. I still have the option of a 'grander' installation if I wish. If the buzz from this installation makes it possible. Reviewing the exhibition now I can say that
  • despite location etc it drew one visitor every 6 minutes it was open (400 visitors)
  • The balance sheet was extremely healthy with an average visitor subsidy of £2.50 per head (in contrast arts council funded projects in London have a typical subsidy of £3.17 per head)

Observation 5: nurture your work 
If I'd gone for a larger, pricier, exhibition I may have 'lost' a lot of money and that would have killed any future for the work. A more modest exhibition encourages success and creates the conditions that can allow the work to grow. 

To summarise this perspective, a gallery isn't (or needn't be) some swanky address - it's just a space that can present the work. The work may benefit from the kudos of a 'proper' gallery, but if it needs that it isn't going to work anyway. You can't buy success, it has to be grown, nurtured. It isn't measured by how much you spend (quite the contrary) and not even by simple footfall; but rather by the engagement the audience has with the work...

Part 2: The Audience

Every line walked. video; Carl Chamberlain

Now to be perfectly frank, one of the major drivers for the exhibition was to serve my own vanity. I had created such a large collection of images (269 in fact) that it was impossible to completely appreciate them on-line in a purely sequential fashion. Just creating and seeing the map was a significant win. I don't think that's a problem though, perhaps this vanity is crucial to help fuel the enthusiasm needed to drive the project. How can you ask others to believe in your work if you don't have that enthusiasm? But while the photos were still just files on a computer disc, I couldn't draw enthusiasm from any intrinsic belief in the brilliance of the work - I'm just not that arrogant.

Observation 6: you don't have to believe your own hype
No work of art is complete until it's been presented. It's normal to be filled with doubt and it's okay to believe in it nonetheless. In fact it's necessary. 

So it was a joy to see people arrive, early. I didn't know it at the time but this would be the pattern of the week. Twice I found people queuing when we arrived to open up over the course of the following week and not once was the studio empty at closing time. In fact there was hardly an hour in total when the space was devoid of visitors. Despite great press the space was hard to find, both online and in reality. Some folk told us of how they'd turned back on the previous day only to come back out and to try for a second time to find the map. Sure, this means there were plenty who wanted to see it and just couldn't, but that fuels the possibility of doing it again. But for this installation it meant that every one (of 400) who made it really, really wanted to see it.

The depth of engagement with the work was just incredible. I had kind of thought that if I made the map big enough people might enjoy wandering along its lines. And indeed they did. I was very pleased.

But then I started to be surprised. People were finding their own ways of playing with it. Not just walking along but sometimes running. Sometimes pretending to be trains, cursing the lack of sidings. Synchronising journeys from east to west and north to south. When all of a sudden, amidst the chaos that nigh on a hundred people brought on the first night, I saw the magic happen.

In front of my eyes I saw complete strangers arrive at the same station for their own particular reasons, stop there together, and start sharing their personal recollections with each other. My work, the map, on the floor beneath their feet suddenly inconsequential; but for the connection it had enabled. A connection of shared history, of community, of society. And I saw this happen time and time again. Day after day.

Observation 7: know what good looks like
At first I thought I wanted a photography exhibition and that meant a gallery and people coming to look at my pictures. Actually I wanted to use my pictures to create a thing of joy. 

This is what I mean about quality of engagement. This is what I mean by success. Not footfall, headlines or kudos; but to see art in action, serving an almost tangible purpose.

It was around this time that I took confidence in the work. All along I'd been waiting for someone to say "How very dare you?", or "Who do you think you are to presume your vision is enough, is good enough, is even wanted?" After all, I'm not even a Londoner. But no one did. And I started to let folk refer to me as the 'artist', as it felt that to modestly complain against it was to diminish their experience. I believe it's fair enough to call my exhibition an art show (and by extension myself an artist) because it's a label that has been given to me by others. Thank you. It does please me.

As you might imagine, I was feeling quite positive after the private view albeit a little weary; but the proof of the pudding lays in the eating... and I'd been involved in many (joint) exhibitions where the mantra was "it's all about the private view" as the gallery would inevitably yawn with empty echoes thereafter. In fact, in this cold January week, visitor numbers were very healthy. But coming into the final week of preparations I found myself expecting the exhibition to be deserted most of the time, because that's what usually happens. Christine (who would be invigilating during the days) had even prepared a whole host of mini projects with which to keep occupied. In that final week before opening, all of the joy was hung on the idea of seeing the map complete, and maybe having a good private view. The exhibition thereafter seemed almost an inconvenience, a slight depression on an otherwise incredible task.

I wasn't at all happy about this. It seemed like a terribly dull world to be born into, and I really wanted more than that for my work. I'd had various conversations along the way and a few passing ideas resurfaced. Why not organise a series of mini-events to try and inject some extra energy, or interest. Why not? Well, because my brain had run out of processing cycles. There's only so much one person can handle. Fortunately, I know two of London's finest, and most tireless, creators of performance events who offered to sort all that for me (Calm Carl and Sarah-Jane). And Art4Space didn't even pause before saying "yes, do it".

Instead of thinking of the exhibition as a demand that people come and appreciate my work, we thought of it as more of an activity centre that would delight visitors; which just happened to be under-pinned by my photography. Sometimes, you best get what you want by caring for the needs of others.

In keeping with the underground theme we arranged a night of Poems From The Underground and a night of Busking. Aside from the first and last days they were the two busiest times of the exhibition.

Observation 8: your exhibition is a performance, from start to finish
You can't do it justice by simply installing it and sitting back. 

What's more, these different approaches brought out yet more new and unexpected ways for people to interact with the work. Poets would recite their lines while tripping from station to station as their tales unwound. Or the audience would be directed to find the appropriate stations. One poet said this was the most enjoyable reading of his work he'd ever done. Whilst the buskers were playing I lounged back in an easy chair and watch in delight while ladies danced about, whirling atop of my photographs. It was a moment of pure joy, for everybody.

map dancers, featuring Sarah-Jane Miller and Looby. video Calm Carl

All through the week different people came along and played with the map in different ways. The school party we were glad to host, of course, showed me how much fun it was to loll on top of it and take selfies.

By the time we closed on the final night people (with my hearty permission) were tearing bits of it up to take home and keep, thrusting generous donations into my hands. It was to be destroyed anyway, but once again I was surprised at the many, many, different ways people wanted to engage with this work. Perhaps this alone IS enough to declare the exhibition a total success? I do think so.

Part 3: the map

A typical exhibition is simply a matter of hanging pictures on a wall isn't it? The pictures are the thing, that's all you need. So what's all the fuss about 'curation' exactly? Unlike linear experiences (books and films) exhibitions are experienced in a variety of personal ways. When an individual enters the space they are immediately influenced by the presentation as a whole. They may start at what they perceive to be the first work and then walk round in an order (maybe clockwise, maybe anti-clockwise- who knows?) but they are aware of the other work, they've maybe already clocked a piece they're impatient to get to and might start zipping about in a way that seems random. Certainly, the experience isn't under the control of anyone other than themselves.

So I gave a lot of thought to how the body of images would be presented. In fact, the presentation was a part of the work itself.

I had to consider how people would find their stations of interest. For individual stations alphabetical order would work, but often people live between stations or have an interest in a group of stations. An arrangement by London borough would work for these cases. But people will also go on journeys of their own peculiar design...

I experimented with different sequences in video slideshows:


But it was quickly evident that the only way to display the full collection was laid out on a facsimile of the Harry Beck's famous map. Accommodating that layout on a wall though, would be impossible. My final layout was 14' in the short dimension. Even if I started at the skirting some images would be a good 8' above people's heads - too far to really appreciate. So I decided on a sacrificial floor installation that I'd encourage people to walk over in the hope that would be fun... This meant every image could be seen from the same distance (determined by the height of the viewer).

Observation 9: you don't have to have walls to have an exhibition
Consider the work as a whole to be a work in itself. Fashion it to suit the collection, the space, and the relationship you want the audience to have with it. 

Perhaps flower photos could be glazed onto vases? Marine photos pasted to the ceiling?

This took care of the essential component of the exhibition but the map was still clearly installed inside a very busy, distracting, studio space. I felt I needed people to feel as though they had entered a microcosm in which the whole of London was presented so they could immerse themselves in the experience. Although I'd met the opportunity of having no real wall space (which wouldn't have helped) all of the shelving and bric-a-brac was a real problem. It's important to create an environment that allows the viewer to create a relationship with the art. So they are entering a well defined specific space outside of which they can leave the concerns of their day.

We solved the distracting shelves problem by covering them with paper and sticking a selection of super large prints up. In order to create a blank canvass effect over what was 14 square meters without multiple messy joins and creases I sourced  1m wide 2000micron decorator's premium lining paper. It worked a treat and cost only £1/sqm. If I'd looked for art supplies this part of the exhibition alone would have broken the bank! Just as you don't need a gallery for an exhibition, you don't need an art supplier for art supplies!

So with a 12 hour gruelling installation we had created a full exhibition experience, with great elp from the installation Team:
Christine Adams
Alice White
Michale Baines
Calm Carl
Sarah-Jane Miller
Dan Hunt
Tom Hubard-Green

The final part of the puzzle was to ensure we properly connected the visitors with the work, to ensure they could indeed put aside the concerns of the day and enter this grotto we had fashioned. That was easy on the private view as everyone was greeted with a welcome and a drink. It was the brilliance of Christine, in the following days, to realise that because we had pitched the whole affair relatively modestly we could do just the same. We could treat every visitor as though they were a specially invited guest. And that's what we did, which I believe set the perfect conditions for engagement with the work that no other realisation could have done.

Observation 10: unlike physical medicines that can be taken, art, which medicates the 'soul' must be given!

My final thought goes to the supporters of the exhibition. Those who donated to the crowd fund. Those who gave up their time to visit. Those who helped on the mammoth task of creating the exhibition. And of course Art4Space

Whilst it's true I gave over 2 years of my life to create the images, the exhibition itself is a work in itself. A work that transformed my efforts from digital files to a real world real thing. No matter how much the photography comes from me. Project 269 comes from us. It's a physical impossibility for one person to make such a thing. To claim ownership of such a thing. Thank you all for making it real.

American student selfies on the map. photo:Christine Adams